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Phil Konstantin's February 2008 Newsletter - Part 1  Phil Konstantin
 Feb 07, 2008 12:13 PST 


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Start of Phil Konstantin's February 2008 Newsletter - Part 1
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Greetings,

Yes, I am still writing newsletters. January was an extra
busy month for me. I had some out of town visitors for a
while. Both of my daughters had some serious medical issues.
And, I had my own other activities to keep me busy.

So, I plan on doing a bit more this month than I would
normally do. To that end, I have included a much more
detailed "On This Date" section.

I'll have a Part II along in a few days...

By the way, today is my father's (Morris Benjamin
Konstantin, Jr.) 79th birthday. Happy Birthday, Dad!

Phil Konstantin


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The "Link of the Month" for February 2008 is the Original
Pechanga's Blog. It describes itself as "Terminated member
of the Temecula Band of Luiseno Indians from the Pechanga
Reservation trying to shine light on actions of a corrupt
Pechanga government Working with tribal members who have
been denied civil rights,enduring the pain of disenrollment
and moratoriums."

This blog's author was disenrolled from the Pechanga tribe.
The blog is an interesting look into the politics within
one Southern California tribe.

http://originalpechanga.blogspot.com/

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The "Treaty of the Month" for February 2008 is the of
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848). It was a "TREATY
OF PEACE, FRIENDSHIP, LIMITS, AND SETTLEMENT BETWEEN
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNITED MEXICAN
STATES CONCLUDED AT GUADALUPE HIDALGO, FEBRUARY 2, 1848."

It was through this treaty that most of the southwestern
parts of the United States were ceded to the USA by
Mexico. This event greatly affected the tribes of this
area.

You can read a transcript of the treaty on this website:
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=009/llsl009.db&recNum=975


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News Articles:
--------------


Opinion: Claiming Indian heritage becomes more popular
http://www.mitchellrepublic.com/articles/index.cfm?id=24252§ion=Opinion&freebie_check&CFID=2728509&CFTOKEN=26547557&jsessionid=88307779c00b3b1a1f53


Original enrollee Daisy Blackbird celebrates 105th Birthday
http://www.chickasawtimes.com/february08/general/ct-20080201-003-originalenrolle-5080.html


'Great Day in Indian Country,' Cobell Says of Ruling
http://www.reznetnews.org/blogs/tribalog/%2526%2523039%3Bgreat-day-indian-country%2C%2526%2523039%3B-cobell-says-ruling


Icon leads Native American walk
http://www.thereporter.com/ci_8184449?source=most_viewed

30th Anniversary of Historic Native American Rights March Inspires “The
Longest Walk 2”
http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2008/02/05/18477178.php

Nike Unveils the Nike Air Native N7
http://www.tanasijournal.com/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=627&Itemid=1&ed=74


Choctaws might hold new genetic key in blood research
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2249&Itemid=1


Native Nacimientos: Cross-Cultural Christmas
http://www.nativepeoples.com/article/articles/269/1/Native-Nacimientos%3A-Cross-Cultural-Christmas


Navajo Reservation on standby due to impending
conditions from snow melt
http://www.navajohopiobserver.com/main.asp?SectionID=35&SubSectionID=47&ArticleID=6562&TM=28021.57


Dawes Commission very imperfect system of census
http://www.chickasawtimes.com/january08/stories/general/ct-20080101-028-dawescommission-40494.html


Bill fails to ban alcohol near sacred mountain
http://www.kxmb.com/t/american-indian/206652.asp

In Step With American Indians
http://american-indian-news.newslib.com/story/351-3238736/

President Shirley calls loss of environmental advocate
Luther 'a sad day for Native people'
http://www.navajohopiobserver.com/main.asp?SectionID=56&SubSectionID=66&ArticleID=6587


Human Rights Commission renews call for Aboriginal
human rights
http://www.firstperspective.ca/fp_combo_template.php?path=20080130humanrights


Turtle Mountain see private Indian owned bank opened
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2484&Itemid=1


Indian leader says Republican meeting chance to
open dialogue
http://www.charkoosta.com/2008/2008_01_31/Republicans_reach_out_to_tribes.html


South Dakota Indian journalist gave voices to a
people long ignored
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/12/23/INVHTSVHP.DTL


New Yosemite Indian war: Tribes fight over place in history
http://www.hollandsentinel.com/stories/020308/news_20080203021.shtml

Aboriginal students targetted for film industry training
http://www.firstperspective.ca/fp_combo_template.php?path=20070920film

Jarrid Smith Closes Season, Football Career Victorious
http://www.seminoletribe.com/tribune/08/jan18/1.shtml

Mrs. Shavney recalls WWII service at D.C. celebration
http://www.chickasawtimes.com/january08/stories/general/ct-20080101-003-mrsshavneyrecal-4274.html


Eagles rise again Story pole took a village
http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/education/story/275644.html

THE TALES BEHIND THE TOTEMS
http://www.sequimgazette.com/Article/articleDetail.exm/Index/article/2008-02-06_THE_TALES_BEHIND_THE_TOTEMS/


John Richards: The native education gap
http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/fullcomment/archive/2008/01/30/john-richards-the-native-education-gap.aspx


First Nations chief demands apology from NHL’s Campbell
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2224&Itemid=1


Initiative helps tribes preserve at-risk artifacts
http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?articleID=20080203_1_A17_spanc44780


Retired Lakota soldier honored at U.S. Army Women's Museum
http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096416267

The Yup'ik language has no term to describe sexual abuse.
http://thetundradrums.com/news/story/1242

Boulder may spark big fight
http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080121/NEWS01/801210423/1008


Idaho anglers start protest against treaty rights
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2423&Itemid=1


Aboriginal MP asserts government's position on Kapyong
http://www.firstperspective.ca/fp_combo_template.php?path=20080130aboriginalmp


Magazine features article on dwindling Salish language
http://www.charkoosta.com/2008/2008_01_31/Nat_Hist_magazine_publish_Salish_language_story.html


Senate Hears Stories of Sexual Assault on Reservations
http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/6600ap_wst_indians_sex_assaults.html

Festival incorporates American Indian art, music
http://american-indian-news.newslib.com/story/351-3238735/

American Indian artists come together for show
http://www.tulsaworld.com/entertainment/article.aspx?articleID=20080207_8_D3_hAmer01601


‘Chepota Chikasha Anumpoli’ (children speaking Chickasaw)
http://www.chickasawtimes.com/january08/stories/general/ct-20080101-021-chepotachikasha-30502.html


Black Mesa Trust to request Mohave proceeds for
Hopi and Navajo
http://www.navajohopiobserver.com/main.asp?SectionID=56&SubSectionID=66&ArticleID=6568


Obama opens office on Navajo Nation, Clinton also organizing
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2474&Itemid=1


BARACK OBAMA’S PRINCIPLES FOR STRONGER TRIBAL COMMUNITIES
http://www.nativetimes.com/index.asp?action=displayarticle&article_id=9311


GOP has a chance to sway voters in Montana,
tribal leaders say
http://indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096416566

Native Americans skeptical that gaming pacts
will solve woes
http://www.timesheraldonline.com/ci_8195513

Spirit Lake Nation To Vote on UND Nickname
http://www.kxmb.com/t/american-indian/205045.asp

Home construction halted on apparent American
Indian burial ground
http://www.mlive.com/news/flintjournal/index.ssf?/base/news-48/1202399413230490.xml&coll=5


Tribal sovereignty in the 21st century
http://indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096416553

Tribunal vows to speed up First Nation land claims
http://www.thesudburystar.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=879835

Hopi students meet with tribal leaders in Phoenix
http://www.navajohopiobserver.com/main.asp?SectionID=23&SubSectionID=23&ArticleID=6607


Indians find business success on Web
http://www.postbulletin.com/newsmanager/templates/localnews_story.asp?a=326595&z=2


Report: Discrimination blatant against NJ’s
American Indians
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2207&Itemid=1


Native American Tribes Speak Out About Climate Change
http://www.boston.com/news/local/new_hampshire/articles/2007/06/17/native_american_tribes_speak_out_about_climate_change/


First Nation takes holistic approach to learning
http://www.nugget.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=880043

First parenting class in Tonalea deemed a success
http://www.navajohopiobserver.com/main.asp?SectionID=35&SubSectionID=47&ArticleID=6611


Court: Tribe not immune from crash suit
http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?articleID=20080206_1_A11_spanc12564


Jamestown white bison calf named Dakota Miracle
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2350&Itemid=1


Sweetest Success Story Ever
http://www.tanasijournal.com/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=545&Itemid=1&ed=74


Meet Miss Indian North Carolina
http://www.nativeyouthmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=567&Itemid=66


Meet Miss Indian Nations
http://www.nativeyouthmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=438&Itemid=66


ONTARIO METIS ORGANIZATION BEGINS COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS
http://www.firstperspective.ca/fp_combo_template.php?path=20080125ontario


Tribe plans to preserve Arapaho language
http://www.jacksonholestartrib.com/articles/2008/02/05/news/breaking/doc47a8ef245f236305065317.txt


Elk herd keeps Stillaguamish Tribe fed
http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20080123/NEWS01/729921201/0/sports01

Navajo lawmakers to vote on proposed tribal Superfund law
http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096416565

The politics of politics: Indian Country holds the
Balance of Power
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2471&Itemid=1


Historic agreement between Crow Tribe and Montana
Secretary of State's Office
http://www.navajohopiobserver.com/main.asp?SectionID=60&SubSectionID=70&ArticleID=6620


Bill would expand tribal police authority
http://indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096416564

Activist continues to fight for American Indians
http://american-indian-news.newslib.com/story/351-3238740/

Chickasaw elements infused in health care facility
http://www.chickasawtimes.com/january08/stories/general/ct-20080101-001-chickasawelemen-1020.html


Paying to teach and 'play Indian'
http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096415228

Federal court says Interior unreasonably delayed
Indian trust accounting
http://www.kxmb.com/t/american-indian/203610.asp

Why not give Kapyong to First Nations?
http://winnipegsun.com/News/Columnists/Turenne_Paul/2008/01/31/4803405-sun.html


Natives welcome a helping hand from National
Relief Charities
http://www.navajohopiobserver.com/main.asp?SectionID=35&SubSectionID=47&ArticleID=6612


Tribal Council Meets in BC
http://www.seminoletribe.com/tribune/08/jan18/2.shtml

Red Cloud Leads the Nation in Gates Scholars
http://www.lakotacountrytimes.com/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=1&twindow=&mad=&sdetail=620&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1605&hn=lakotacountrytimes&he=.com


NCAI Joins Reconnecting The Circle™ in a National
Prize Essay Contest
http://www.tanasijournal.com/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=535&Itemid=1&ed=74


Study of Native American genes searches for
way to reduce cancer
http://leaderadvertiser.com/articles/2008/02/07/news/news03.txt

Native American Elvis Impersonator Takes Center Stage
http://www.renaissanceindian.com/special_series_number_4.htm

Ho Chunk files new lawsuit over state compacts
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2490&Itemid=109


Harsh reality of northern reserves
http://www.thestar.com/comment/article/298174

US Department of the Interior’s Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs
Visits United Keetoowah Band
http://www.cherokeeobserver.org/doi-ukb.htm

Black Mesa Trust to request Mohave proceeds for
Hopi and Navajo
http://www.navajohopiobserver.com/main.asp?SectionID=56&SubSectionID=66&ArticleID=6568


NSU Indian symposium to focus on cosmos
http://www.cherokeephoenix.org/News/News.aspx?StoryID=2704

Lighthorse chief builds force’s mission
http://www.chickasawtimes.com/february08/general/ct-20080201-001-lighthorsechief-2185.html


Navajo Beauty Queen Hopes To Send Message Of Respect
http://www.nativeyouthmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1151&Itemid=66


Navajo Code Talkers subject of Japanese
photographer’s work
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2340&Itemid=1


Tribes worry oil pipeline might cross culturally
important sites
http://indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096416521

BA in American Indian Studies now offered
http://american-indian-news.newslib.com/story/351-3238737/

Local man installed as Anishinaabe Ogitchdaw
Warriors Society's leader
http://www.gladwinmi.com/record/?section_id=3&story_id=50282

Interior's trust denial provokes media backlash
http://indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096416572

Tenants, First Nations fight new voting rules
http://www.straight.com/article-130286/tenants-first-nations-fight-new-voting-rules


Colorado River Indian Tribes representative selected
to attend national conservation forum
http://www.navajohopiobserver.com/main.asp?SectionID=60&SubSectionID=70&ArticleID=6594


Lawyers spar over tribal police brutality lawsuit
http://www.kxmb.com/t/american-indian/202270.asp

AhNiYvWiYa Inc.
http://www.bluecorncomics.com/2008/01/ahniyvwiya-inc.html

Rape Most Common Among Native Women
http://www.lacrossetribune.com/articles/2007/03/12/news/z02rape.txt

Torino Advances North American Indigenous Olympic Bid
http://www.send2press.com/newswire/2006-03-0310-003.shtml

A language too beautiful to lose
http://www.calendarlive.com/la-bk-treuer3feb03,0,1299829.story

United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous
Peoples Elicits Strong Support
http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/January2008/29/c4927.html

Educational barriers broken down U of M program helps turn
Aboriginal students into health-care professionals
http://www.firstperspective.ca/fp_combo_template.php?path=20080118educational


Chickasaw diplomatic presence important in Washington
http://www.chickasawtimes.com/january08/stories/general/ct-20080101-007-chickasawdiplom-26203.html


Federal study backs up land claim by Tigua tribe
http://indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096416523

The Unresolved Story of Wounded Knee
http://www.argusleader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070527/LIFE/705270337/1004


First Nations Ban Booze
http://www.newstalk980.com/incoming/20080131/first-nations-ban-booze

Baucus urges passage of Indian Health bill
http://www.navajohopiobserver.com/main.asp?SectionID=8&SubSectionID=8&ArticleID=6616&TM=27973.17


Funding sought to preserve native languages
http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695249973,00.html

Tribe supports Klamath pact
Salmon - The basin deal still awaits word from
PacifiCorp on removal of four dams
http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/news/1202178321209150.xml&coll=7


Never ever learn how to make Fry Bread
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2326&Itemid=1


What Tom Brady Thinks of Native Americans
http://www.reznetnews.org/article/feature-article/what-tom-brady-thinks-native-americans


Northern Cheyenne Indian Nation seeks donations
for Sand Creek Massacre project
http://indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096416529

Ardmore After School Art class produces warrior masks
http://www.chickasawtimes.com/january08/stories/general/ct-20080101-018-ardmoreaftersch-42619.html


NIEA President to Give Annual Indian Education
Address to the Nation
http://www.foxbusiness.com/article/niea-president-annual-indian-education-address-nation_466490_1.html


The Navajo Bigfoot
http://www.navajotimes.com/opinions/index.php

Inuit battle with environmentalists again
http://www.firstperspective.ca/fp_combo_template.php?path=20080117inuit

Flag from American Indian occupation of Alcatraz
sold at auction
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2485&Itemid=99999999


Indian Blood - From the beginning, white Americans
have brutalized American Indians. Half a millennium
later, the hate goes on.
http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=721

Boy finds American Indian remains
http://www.spokesmanreview.com/idaho/story.asp?ID=230378

Statement by Assembly of First Nations National
Chief regarding ...
http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/January2008/31/c5959.html

Bringing the Global Market to Native Lands
http://www.diverseeducation.com/artman/publish/article_7369.shtml

The story of Hweeldi: a 93-year-old revels in Navajo
lore during "Remembrance Days"
http://www.nativeyouthmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1169&Itemid=66


Aboriginal population surpasses one million
http://www.wetaskiwintimes.com/News/371887.html

Two Blackfeet women spread inspiration
http://indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096416573

Native America Gangs and Evolution of Gangs
http://www.nativetimes.com/index.asp?action=displayarticle&article_id=9315


Nakwatsvewat Institute graduates first class of
certified Hopi mediators
http://www.navajohopiobserver.com/main.asp?SectionID=35&SubSectionID=47&ArticleID=6369


Who will pay the costs of saving Alaska Native communities?
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2301&Itemid=1


The Ka-ching Doesn't Ring for Everyone - Indian casinos
are thriving but they haven't made most Indians wealthy,
and they can't solve the myriad problems that exist on
reservations
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/02/11/INGPRO03R81.DTL


The new ‘white buffalo’ in Indian country
http://www.indiangamingbusiness.com/article.php?ida=3442

Tribal buffalo programs hurt by cuts in federal aid
http://www.kxmb.com/t/american-indian/200312.asp

GROUP SAYS CENSUS CALL FOR URBAN ABORIGINAL FUNDING
http://www.firstperspective.ca/fp_combo_template.php?path=20080117group

Program serves Native American women in prison
http://www.communitycollegetimes.com/article.cfm?ArticleId=385

Progress made on Kanawha community, museum site
http://www.fortmilltimes.com/local/story/6804591p-6072125c.html

Indian children at high risk for injury from house fires
http://www.chickasawtimes.com/january08/stories/general/ct-20080101-024-indianchildrena-34917.html


Incredible Injustice for Indigenous Women
http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096414925

In the beginning . . . Twins are heroes in Navajo
creation story
http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/ae/articles/0203enemy0203side.html


Native leaders want new president to maintain ties
with pueblos
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2473&Itemid=99999999


Principal Chief of Cherokee Nation ---Chad Smith
http://www.renaissanceindian.com/Oct.%202007%20Coverstory.htm

Freedom Forum Indian journalism session open to Indian
college students
http://www.chickasawtimes.com/january08/stories/general/ct-20080101-029-freedomforumind-71156.html


Henry touts education goals in speech
http://newsok.com/article/3200565/1202166055

Committee hearing next week on Native recognition
amendment
http://www.thecountycourier.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=4576&Itemid=


High Interest Loans Common on Reservations
http://www.news-leader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070315/BUSINESS/703150368/1092


Nunatsiavut government to receive title to crown
land from province
http://www.thewesternstar.com/index.cfm?sid=105488&sc=23

Indigenous community challenges Alberta oil
sands development
http://www.firstperspective.ca/fp_combo_template.php?path=20071003oil

Indian singers featured at Wichita Council
http://www.chickasawtimes.com/january08/stories/general/ct-20080101-022-indiansingersfe-31687.html


A woman and a tribe's world pass into the beyond
http://www.star-telegram.com/245/story/449932.html

Cherokee Nation to dedicate $17M health clinic
http://www.indianz.com/News/2008/007040.asp

Alaska coastal erosion washes away the past
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2300&Itemid=1


NFL Program Allows Salt River Students To Connect
With Other Students
http://www.nativeyouthmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1212&Itemid=94


You Can Use Native American Drums To Create Chic
Country Home Decor
http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/You-Can-Use-Native-American-Drums-To-Create-Chic-Country-Home-Decor/424434


School Hears Call to End Mascot's Act
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/01/AR2007020101873.html


State Education Secretary Says Indian Education
Will Take Time
http://www.rapidcityjournal.com/articles/2007/01/22/news/top/news00k%20indian%20education.txt


American Indian Mormons in crisis of spiritual identity
http://www.religionnewsblog.com/14272/american-indian-mormons-in-crisis-of-spiritual-identity


Ottawa invests in new Aboriginal economic
development program
http://www.firstperspective.ca/fp_combo_template.php?path=20071003ottawa

Malign Neglect - Racial violence against Native
Americans has drawn attention from the federal government
twice in recent years, but many hate crimes still seem
to get a pass.
http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?sid=398

Family advocate says Nebraska court decision is troubling
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2441&Itemid=1


Preventing suicide among aboriginal teens
http://www.thestar.com/living/article/298788

American Indian school, black town among those on
endangered list
http://www.baystatebanner.com/issues/2008/02/07/digest02070853.htm

Diversifying Tribes Take a Global View
http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-chickside10dec10,0,6238562.story?coll=la-headlines-business


Court rules tribal challenge to state income tax
can proceed
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2260&Itemid=1


Oropeza drops Gabrielino bill after casino letter surfaces
http://www.capitolweekly.net/article.php?xid=wvvkvrdx0pw9gg

Ontario chiefs defend 'right' to banish
http://www.firstperspective.ca/fp_combo_template.php?path=20080130ontariochiefs


Young Black, Native-American Children at Higher
Risk of Fatal Accidents
http://www.delnor.com/body.cfm?id=154&action=detail&ref=18094

Northwest Jesuits settle Indian boarding school
abuse claims
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2299&Itemid=1


BIA recognition decision database v2.0 now online
http://www.indianz.com/News/2005/008383.asp

Utah educators want schools to teach Indians
native languages
http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/hourlyupdate/223544.php

AIM Trimbach and the FBI
http://www.nolanchart.com/article2517.html

Ex-astronaut tells students to be 'passionate'
http://www.venturacountystar.com/news/2008/feb/07/sharing-his-journey-into-space/


Off-reserve Aboriginal leader outlines economic
blueprint for First Nations
http://www.firstperspective.ca/fp_combo_template.php?path=20071003blue

Gathering Of Nations Celebrates 25 Years
http://www.nativeyouthmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1214&Itemid=94


Ely Shoshones hope to see cash settlement soon
Tribe looks to economic development of newly acquired lands
http://www.elynews.com/articles/2008/02/06/news/news01.txt

Anna Sui Inspired By American Natives
http://fashion.hollyscoop.com/anna-sui/anna-sui-inspired-by-american-natives_247.aspx


Landless Little Shell waits federal recognition
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2344&Itemid=1


Compacts' opponents say no lawsuit pending
http://www.mydesert.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080207/NEWS06/802070328/-1/newsfront


Slight cut seen in IHS budget for 2009
http://www.indianz.com/News/2008/007026.asp

A look at the talks over management of the
National Bison Range
http://www.montanasnewsstation.com/Global/story.asp?S=7324755&nav=menu227_6/Global/category.asp?C=50435,menu227_7


Charon Asetoyer: “I took to heart the health issues
of American Indian women”
http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2093&Itemid=1


Urban Indian Health Program Zeroed-Out for
Third Consecutive Year
http://www.shastawind.com/health/national_urban_health_feb4release.htm



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Historical Events for February
------------------------------


February 1

1834: The state of Georgia had begun the process of
seizing Cherokee property. Much of the land was given
to white settlers under a lottery. The Cherokees were
forced out at gunpoint, in many cases. Cherokees begin
arriving at the Cherokee Agency in eastern Tennessee to
be moved to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).
The first boats left the agency on March 14, 1834.

1839: Cherokee Chief John Ross and 228 other Cherokees
arrived in Little Rock, en route to the Indian Territory
(present-day Oklahoma), as part of their forced emigration.
Quatie Martin Ross, Chief Ross’s wife, died. She was
buried in Little Rock.

1876: The secretary of the interior advises the secretary
of war that any Indians who had not returned to their
reservations were under his jurisdiction. The army could
use any means to deal with the hostiles. This primarily
involves the Plains Indians.

1876: Army Indian scouts fought with a group of hostile
Indians near Chevelons Fork, Arizona. According to army
documents, four Indians were killed, and six were captured.

1877: By executive order, 7,579.75 acres of land in
Arizona were set aside for the use of the military. It
was called Fort Apache.

1877: Colonel Nelson Miles sent a scout, and two of the
Cheyenne he captured on January 7, 1877, out to tell the
hostiles his terms for surrender. The Indians were informed
they would be attacked if they did not comply.

1917: By executive order, the Papago Indian Reservation
was established in Sells, Arizona. The act was amended
on February 21, 1931, and on October 28, 1932.

1977: The Swinomish permanent zoning legislation was enacted.

-------------------

February 2

1836: Benjamin Marshall and his fellow Creeks reached
Fort Gibson in eastern Indian Territory (present-day
Oklahoma).

1839: Reverend Evan Jones and 1,033 Cherokees arrived
in the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). Seventy-one
of their original parties died on the trail.

1848: The Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty was signed. It was
the policy of the United States, in keeping with the
treaty’s (9 Stat. 929) understanding and long-established
custom, to provide certain necessary services and
facilities to Native American Indians.

1874: An order was issued that canceled the executive
order of May 29, 1873, regarding the Fort Stanton Indian
Reserve set aside for the Mescalero Apache in New Mexico.

1874: Indians fought with soldiers from the Tenth Cavalry
near Home Creek, Texas. According to army documents,
no casualties were reported.

1887: A law was passed that prohibits the use of Indian
languages in schools.

1911: By Executive Order No. 1296, the Camp McDowell
Reservation was modified.

1911: An executive order set aside 17,315 acres of land,
which eventually became part of the Fort Mojave tribal lands.

1945: In 1905, the Shoshone and Arapaho Tribes of the
Wind River Reservation ceded a large part of their
reservation to the United States. According to Federal
Register No. 10FR02254, they got a small part of that
land back.

Every: San Felipe Candelaria Day for many Pueblos.

-------------------

February 3

1837: In southeastern Alabama, near Cowikee Creek, Creek
warriors and Alabama militia exchanged a few shots.

1838: The Oneida signed a treaty (7 Stat. 566) in
Washington, D.C. It ceded some of their land.

1847: General Sterling Price reached the fortified Taos
Pueblo. A cannonade proved unfruitful in dislodging the
rebels, so Price retreated to the city of Taos.

1876: The War Department acknowledged Sitting Bull’s
notice about having to report to a reservation.

1880: A band of Hunkpapa Sioux had attacked some civilians
on the Powder River in Montana. Sergeant Thomas Glover,
eight men from Troop B, Second Cavalry, and eleven Indian
scouts pursued the Sioux for almost seventy miles and
circled them on Pumpkin Creek. A fight ensued, and each
side lost one man. Two Indians and one soldier were wounded.
After reinforcements arrived, three of the Hunkpapa were
captured.

1956: Assistant Secretary of the Interior Wesley D’Ewart
ratified an election that approved an amendment to the
constitution and bylaws for the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe
of Nevada. The election was held on December 26, 1955.

1961: An amendment to the constitution and bylaws of
the Coeur D'Alene Tribe of Idaho was approved by H. Rex
Lee, deputy commissioner of Indian Affairs.

1975: The Department of the Interior determined that
the Pit River Indian Tribe was to be designated as the
“beneficial owner” of the XL Ranch.

-------------------

February 4

1509: Cakchiquel (Kaqchikel) Maya King Lahuh-Noh took
the throne.

1829: The Mississippi house of representatives passed
a law to “extend legal process into that part of the
state now occupied by the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes
of Indians.”

1847: General Sterling Price returned to the fortified
Taos Pueblo, and two hours of cannonade were again
unsuccessful. Price’s troops attacked and make some
headway. The cannon was moved closer and breached a wall.
The troops swarmed through a hole in the church and other
buildings. Many of the Pueblo Indians tried to escape
but were cut down by volunteers stationed to the east of
the pueblo. One of the leaders of the revolt, Jesus de
Tafoya, was killed in the fighting.

1861: John Ward’s stepson, Feliz Tellez, was kidnapped by
Indians from his ranch on Sonoita Creek in Arizona. Ward
complained to the army, and it sent Second Lieutenant
George Bascom and fifty-four soldiers to find him. Today,
Chiricahua Apache Chief Cochise was invited to talk with
Bascom in Apache Pass in southwestern Arizona. Cochise
brought some family with him to the parlay in Bascom’s
tent. Cochise was shocked when Bascom accused him of
kidnapping the boy. Cochise denied his involvement, but
Bascom did not believe him. Bascom then told Cochise he
was under arrest. Cochise cut a hole in the tent and
escaped. Bascom kept Cochise’s relatives as hostages.
Cochise quickly seized several whites as hostages as well.

1869: According to army records, members of the First
Cavalry and Indian scouts fought with a band of Indians
in the Arivaypa Mountains in Arizona. Eight Indians were
killed, and eight more were captured.

1960: Secretary of the Interior Roger Ernst approved the
constitution of the Mission Creek Band of Indians of
Mission Creek, California.

1994: The Osage Nation’s constitution was ratified by
a vote of 1,931-1,013.

-------------------

February 5

1692: Canadians and Indians attacked the southern Maine
town of York. Almost fifty settlers were killed, and at
least another seventy become captives. (Also recorded as
happening on January 25.)

1802: Orono was a Penobscot chief. During his life, he was
converted to Catholicism. He fought in the French and
Indian War against the British settlements in New England.
He fought on the American side during the Revolutionary
War, and he was believed to have been 108 years old when
he died.

1832: Nitakechi and 200 Choctaws began the wagon-train
march from Little Rock to the Red River area.

1847: The rebel Pueblo Indians and Mexicans of Taos
surrendered to General Sterling Price. They handed over
rebel leader Pablo Montoya. He was tried and shot on
February 7, 1847.

1856: The Stockbridge and Munsee signed a treaty (11 Stat.
663). It involved the cession of lands in Wisconsin and
Minnesota.

1869: According to army records, members of the Eighth
Cavalry fought with a band of Indians on Black Mesa in
Arizona. One Indian was killed.

1874: Lieutenant Colonel George Buell and Troops D and G,
Tenth Cavalry, and men from Companies A, F, and G,
Eleventh Infantry, found an encampment of Comanche on
the Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos River in Texas.
The army attacked, and eleven Indians were killed. The
soldiers sustain only one wounded man. Sixty-five horses
were seized.

1877: Sixth Cavalry soldiers and some Indian scouts
fought a group of Indians in the Tonto Basin of Arizona.
According to army documents, eighteen Indians were killed,
and twenty were captured. The fighting started on January 9.

1881: Crow King surrendered at Fort Buford.

1881: Ninth Cavalry soldiers and Indian scouts fought a
group of Indians in the Candelaria Mountains of Mexico.
According to army documents, no casualties were reported.

1934: More than 400 Zuni held a mass meeting to discuss
the selection of Pueblo officials.

1937: Based upon authority granted by an act of Congress
(47 Stat.777) passed on January 27, 1933, a trust agreement
was established with the Five Civilized Tribes.

1948: An act (62 Stat. 17) was passed by Congress to
“empower the Secretary to grant rights-of-way for various
purposes across lands of individual Indians or Indian tribes,
communities, bands, or nations.”

1973: The assistant secretary of the interior authorized
an election for amendments to the constitution and bylaws
for the Covelo Indian Community of the Round Valley
Reservation in California. The election would be held on
April 14, 1973.

1990: Deputy to the Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs
Hazel Elbert approved the results of an election by the
Coast Indian Community of the Resighini Rancheria on a
constitutional amendment.

-------------------

February 6

1682: Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, and a force
of twenty-two French and thirty-one Indians reached the
confluence of the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. La Salle
then sailed down the Mississippi to see if it emptied into
the Gulf of Mexico. The expedition contacted many Indian
tribes along the way. Based on this expedition, La Salle
claimed the Mississippi Valley and Louisiana for the French.
La Salle reached the Gulf of Mexico on April 9, 1682.

1740: A force of 180 French troops and 400 Choctaw and
Iroquois, led by Captain Pierre Celeron, left Fort
Assumption (modern Memphis) to arrange for a peace with
Chickasaw Indians in the region. They arrived in the
Chickasaw village on February 22.

1793: After William Blount gained the promise of
Chickamauga chiefs to stop their raids and murdering
of European settlers on May 29, 1792, the rampages
continued. Blount returned to the Chickamauga at Coyatee
with the same request and an offer for the principal
chiefs to visit the “great white father” at Philadelphia.
The chiefs considered the offer, but within the next few
months the village was attacked by Europeans. This
hardened the hearts of the Chickamauga and some of their
Cherokee neighbors. The attack continued.

1854: The state of Texas passed a law that allowed the
United States to pick sites for two Indian reservations
in Texas. One was on the Main Fork of the Brazos River.
The other was on the Clear Fork of the Brazos River.

1861: Cochise left Lieutenant George Bascom a note offering
to exchange hostages. Bascom agreed to the exchange if Cochise included
the kidnapped boy Feliz Tellez. Cochise said he
never had the boy, and the exchange did not take place.
Cochise’s hostages were found dead in a few days.

1870: According to official army records, Indians skirmished
with a group of soldiers from the Ninth Cavalry and Twenty-
Fourth Infantry between the Pecos and Rio Grande Rivers in
Texas. No casualties were reported. The fighting started
on January 3.

1873: Indians fought with soldiers from the First Cavalry
in Hell Canyon in Arizona, according to army documents. Two
Indians were killed, and one was captured.

1880: On the Yellowstone River, Sioux Indians stole more
than a dozen horses from the settlement at Pease’s Bottom.
They also stole horses from Terry’s Landing. Crow Indian
scouts tracked the Sioux and managed to retrieve or kill
all of the horses near Porcupine Creek.

1945: According to Federal Register No. 10FR02812, the
Wind River Reservation tribes returned some of the
“undisposed of, ceded lands” that were given to the United
States in the past.

1973: Local authorities had failed to charge the white
killer of a local Oglala Indian named Wesley Bad Heart
Bull with murder. Angered by this lack of action, several
militant Indians set fire to the Chamber of Commerce
building and the courthouse in Custer, South Dakota.

1979: Acoma Pueblo were listed among Indian tribal entities
“that have a government-to-government relationship with the
United States” in the Federal Register.

1998: Activist groups worldwide declared this day as “Free
Leonard Peltier Day.”

-------------------

February 7

1778: According to some sources, Daniel Boone was captured
by Shawnee warriors under Chief Blackfish near the Blue
Licks in Kentucky while making salt.

1813: Instigated by the Spanish governor of Florida, Florida
Indians had attacked settlements in Georgia. Seeking revenge,
a force of 250 militia and volunteers from Tennessee, led
by Colonel John Williams, began a series of attacks on
Indian villages in Florida. They destroyed many villages
and looted supplies.

1861: Convinced that they would get better treatment from
a southern government than from the one in Washington, D.C.,
the Choctaw announce their support of the Confederacy.

1867: According to army records, members of the First
Cavalry fought with a band of Indians near Camp McDowell,
Arizona. One Indian was reported as captured.

1869: A group of Indians stole some livestock about three
miles from Fort Selden, near Las Cruces, New Mexico. Troops
from the fort attempt to catch up to the Indians, but the
Indians disappeared into the local mountains.

1876: The War Department authorized General Sheridan to
start operations against the Indians.

1979: Bernard Granum, area director of the Minneapolis
Office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, authorized an
election for an amendment to the constitution of the Red
Lake Band of Chippewa Indians of Minnesota.

1983: The Inuit Circumpolar Conference was held at the
United Nations.

-------------------

February 8

1837: During the Second Seminole War, a battle took place
between Seminole and U.S. forces on the bank of Lake Monroe
(near modern Sanford, Florida). The Americans were led by
Colonel Alexander Fanning. More than 600 Seminoles, led
by Chiefs Philip and Wildcat (Coacoochee), participate in
the fighting, which began with a Seminole attack before
dawn. Both sides lost a considerable number of men. The
deciding factor in the battle was the arrival of a steamship
with a cannon. Fort Monroe was built on the site of the
battle.

1876: General Sheridan ordered Generals George Crook and
Alfred Terry to make ready for a campaign in the Powder
River area against the Sioux and other tribes who had not
reported to the reservation. General Crook was called
“Three Stars” by the Indians. He was also called “Grey Wolf”
by the Apache.

1887: The Dawes Severalty Act (24 Stat. 388–389) regarding
land allotments took effect. Its official title was “An
Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands in Severalty to
Indians on the Various Reservations, and to Extend the
Protection of the Laws of the United States and the
Territories over the Indians, and for Other Purposes.”
1918: An executive order was issued to remove 160 acres
from the Winnemucca Shoshone Indian Colony in Nevada.

1936: An election was held to approve a constitution and
bylaws for the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the
Manchester Rancheria. It passed by a vote of 33-4.

1936: An election was held to approve a constitution and
bylaws for the Kashia Band of Pomo Indians of the Stewarts
Point Rancheria. It was approved by a vote of 47-2.

1971: The commissioner of Indian affairs ratified the new
constitution for the Reno-Sparks Indian Community.

1975: An election for amendments to the constitution of
the Papago (Tohono O’odham) was held. Of the 3,251 eligible
voters, 1,521 voted for the amendments, 690 against.

1978: John Artichoker Jr., Phoenix area director of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs, ratified an election for
Amendment 3 to the constitution for the Papago (Tohono
O’odham). The election was held on January 21, 1978.

-------------------

February 9


1526: Spaniards were living in the Cakchiquel (Kaqchikel)
Maya town of Iximche’ in modern Guatemala. A few decided
to desert. They set a large fire as a diversion.

1607: There had been a long period of fighting between
the Indian tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy and the
English colonists in Virginia. While leading a Paspahegh
war party near Jamestown, Chief Wochinchopunck was seen
by the colonists. A fought ensued, and the chief was killed.

1690: Some 300 Indians and French sneaked into the
stockade at Schenectady, New York, during a snowstorm.
After posting warriors at each building, a signal was
given, and the primarily Dutch occupants were attacked.
Sixty settlers were killed, and twenty-seven were captured.
Mohawk Indians attempted to rescue some of the captives
as they were marched off to Canada, with little success.

1730: A large Choctaw force under French-Canadian Jean
Paul Le Sueur had forced the Natchez to remain in two
forts (called Fort de la Valeur, and Fort de la Farine
by the French) they had built in their main village (see
January 27, 1730). Starting today French forces arrived
and joined in the battle. The fighting continued until
February 24.

1813: Members of the Red Stick Creek faction of the Creek
Indians, who resisted adopting European customs, were
attacked by a Mississippi militia group at Burnt Cork
Creek, Mississippi Territory. The Red Stick Creeks were
transporting a wagon train loaded with ammunition they
obtained from Spain.

1836: General Edmund Gaines and 1,100 troops landed in
Tampa Bay. They were sent to quell the Seminole uprising,
known as The second Seminole War. They planned to march
to Fort King.

1869: According to General Philip Sheridan’s official
report, from March 2, 1868, to February 9, 1869, in the
Department of the Missouri (from Texas and New Mexico to
Dakota and Minnesota), 353 officers, soldiers, and citizens
were killed, wounded, or captured by Indians. Of the
Indians, 319 were killed, 289 wounded, and fifty-three
captured. Approximately 1,200 surrendered.

1870: Louis Riel was elected president of the Metis.

1872: Three soldiers from Troop B, Fourth Cavalry, were
attacked by Indians on the North Concho River in Texas.
No casualties were suffered on either side.

1874: Lieutenant L. H. Robinson, Fourteenth Infantry, and
Corporal James Coleman were among several people
“wantonly murdered” by Indians on Cottonwood Creek, near
Laramie Peak, Wyoming. Robinson and Coleman were leading
a wagon train of lumber returning from a sawmill when
they were attacked. Army reports cited this attack as a
signal for the start of numerous battles in the area.

1935: By Executive Order No. 6968, the federal government
extended the trust period on allotments made to Indians
of the Crow Creek Band of Sioux Indians in Dakota.

1987: The Lac Du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
Indians modified local codes regarding timber trespassing.

-------------------

February 10

1676: The Narragansett attacked Lancaster, Massachusetts.
This battle in King Philip’s War killed fifty settlers.
Twenty-four whites were taken prisoner. One of the
prisoners, Mary Rowlandson, escaped. She wrote a best-seller
about her ordeal. Mary Rowlandson’s narrative was the first
in a series of true-life stories published by Indian captives.
Participating in the raid was Chief Quinnapin.

1763: “The definitive Treaty of Peace and Friendship
between his Britannick Majesty, the Most Christian King,
and the King of Spain is concluded at Paris the 10th day
of February, 1763.” England claimed sovereignty over all
Indians east of the Mississippi River as a part of the
Treaty of Paris.

1824: The president was authorized to order surveys of what
were now Indian lands.

1834: The Western Cherokees did not wish to share their
current holdings in the Indian Territory (present-day
Oklahoma) with the Cherokees remaining in the east if
they decided to emigrate. Western Chiefs Black Coat, John
Jolly, and Walter Webber signed a treaty with Indian Agent
George Vashon that gave them more land, and larger annual
payments, if the Eastern Cherokees did move to the Indian
Territory. Federal authorities in the Indian Territory
did not pass the treaty along to Washington, D.C.

1876: General Terry got his “anti-Sioux” orders.

1890: The South Dakota land grab took place. Parts of
the Great Sioux Reservation were opened to settlers.

1890: President Benjamin Harrison announced that Indians
had agreed to open their lands.

1913: By Executive Order No. 1700, lands in New Mexico
were set aside as a reservation for the Santa Clara
Pueblo Indians.

1972: The constitution of the Indians of the Tulalip
Tribes in Washington was modified.

1982: The first Indian was appointed director of the
Indian Health Service.

1991: The Campo Band of Kumeyaay (Mission) drafted a
solid-waste management plan by the establishment of the
solid waste code and solid waste regulations.

1994: The Osage Nation constitution was approved according
to the constitution’s first page.

-------------------

February 11

1715: The Tuscarora (Coree) Indians led by Tom Blount
sign a peace treaty with the English settlers in North
Carolina. This ended much of the fighting in the area.
Some sources report that it was signed at a fort known
as Nooherooka to the Indians.

1805: Sacajawea gave birth to a baby boy.

1828: John Tipton, representing the United States, and
members of the Eel River Band of the Miami Indians signed
a treaty (7 Stat. 309). Under the Treaty of Wyandot
Village, the Indians moved to a reservation and gave up
lands along Sugartree Creek. They received $10,000 in
supplies.

1837: The Potawatomi signed a treaty (7 Stat. 532) in
Washington, D.C. The treaty agreed to give “to the
Pottawatomies of Indiana a tract of country on the Osage
River, southwest of the Missouri River, sufficient in
extent and adapted to their habits and wanted.”

1856: The Menominee signed a treaty (11 Stat. 679) at
Keshena. The treaty ceded some land.

1861: In Arizona, Lieutenant George Bascom had discovered
the bodies of the six hostages that had been held by
Cochise. The bodies were buried. Today, three of Cochise’s
relatives who Bascom held hostage, and three Coyotero Apache prisoners,
were hung over the graves of the white hostages.

1880: The president warned Indian-land usurpers to stop
their illegal acts.

1887: The boundary lines of the Jicarilla Apache Reservation
were established by executive order.

1890: Half of the Sioux Reservation was opened to the public.

1918: The federal government extended the trust period on
allotments on Devils Lake Reservation, North Dakota.

1931: By Executive Order No. 5556, the trust period on
allotments made to members of the Prairie Band of Potawatomi
Indians of Kansas was extended.

1957: Imposition of North Dakota State fish and game laws
on Indians claiming treaty and other rights to hunt and fish.

1959: An election for a constitution for the Standing Rock
Sioux Tribe was held. They vote in favor by a 409-182 margin.

1975: The commissioner of Indian affairs authorized an
election for amendments to the constitution of the
Shoalwater Bay Indian Organization in Washington State.
The election would be held on April 19.

1978: The Longest Walk takes place to protest Indian
treatment.

-------------------

February 12

1599: Of the seventy Acoma tried for battling with
Spaniards on December 4, 1598, all seventy were found
guilty. Today, Juan de Oñate ordered their punishment.
All men over twenty-five years old had one foot cut off
and served as slaves for twenty years. Everyone from twelve
to twenty-five only had a foot cut off.

1733: Oglethorpe founded Savannah.

1825: Upper Creek Chief Jim Fife signed the Treaty of
Indian Springs, Georgia. This treaty (7 Stat.237), signed
by Creeks who were in favor of moving west, exchanged the
remaining Creek lands in Georgia and Alabama for land west
of the Mississippi River. The treaty was repudiated by most
Creeks. Many of the Creek signers of this treaty eventually
were killed by the Creeks opposed to moving west.

1848: As a part of the efforts to fight the Cayuse who
attacked the Whitman Mission in Oregon Country, soldiers
and militia had been reporting to The Dalles. By today,
537 men had arrived.

1854: Colonel Jesse Stem was a special Indian agent in
Texas until he retired to become a rancher. While
transporting some goods near Fort Belknap in north-central
Texas, he was killed by Kickapoo Indians.

1874: An executive order established the boundaries of
the reservation for the Moapa Band of the Paiute.

1875: President Grant established the Lemhi Valley Indian
Reservation in central Idaho. This act was instigated by
the effort of Chief Tendoy and his Lemhi followers.

1881: Major George Ilges and soldiers of the Fifth Infantry
arrested 185 Yanktonni Sioux, including forty-three
warriors in their camp at Redwater, Montana. Seven guns
and fifteen horses were seized.

1937: A constitution and bylaws for the Yavapai Apache of
the Camp Verde Reservation were approved by Secretary of
the Interior Harold Ickes.

1974: Native fishing rights were upheld in court.

1980: The governing body of the Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of
the Fallon Reservation and Colony adopted a resolution that
added amendments to their constitution and bylaws.

1987: The area director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
ratified the Nez Perce election to amend their constitution
and bylaws.

1992: The Pequot started a bingo hall.

-------------------

February 13

1684: According to some sources, an agreement was reached
by representatives of the Cusabu Indians for the South
Carolina colonies to acquire some land.

1743: Schaghticook Sachem Mahwee was baptized in New York.
He was the first of his tribe to did so.

1811: A very large earthquake was felt along the Mississippi
River. Many tribes passed along stories of the quake for
many years.

1861: In fighting that took place through January 14 in
Arizona, assistant surgeon Bernard J.D. Irwin took command
of a group of soldiers who went to the rescue of Lieutenant
Bascom’s troops, who were engaging Cochise. For his actions,
Irwin would be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor.

1864: A Civil War battle took place at Middle Boggy Depot
in Indian Territory (modern Atoka County, Oklahoma). Union
forces under Major Charles Willette surprised Confederate
forces under Lieutenant Colonel John Jumper. Jumper
commanded members of the Seminole Battalion, Company A,
First Choctaw and Chickasaw Cavalry Regiment, and a
detachment of the Twentieth Texas Regiment. The bluecoats
won the fight.

1879: According to U.S. Army reports, Victoria and
twenty-two Warm Springs Apache Indians surrendered to
Lieutenant Charles Merritt of the Ninth Cavalry at Ojo
Caliente, New Mexico. The Apaches lived in Mexico for
years, eluding the army’s attempts to move them to the
San Carlos Reservation on September 2, 1877.

1907: Lands were set aside for the Robinson Rancheria in
California by secretarial order.

1931: The trust period on allotments made to Indians on
the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, was extended
by Executive Order No. 5557.

1942: Fishing rights of Alaska Indians were addressed
in court.

1942: An election for a constitution and bylaws for the
Moapa Band of Paiute Indians was authorized by Assistant
Secretary of the Interior Oscar Chapman.

1969: The undersecretary of the interior ratified an
election that approved amendments to the constitution
and bylaws of the Jicarilla Apache. The election was held
on December 23, 1968.

-------------------

February 14

1756: Several Delaware attacked settlers in Berks County, Pennsylvania.
A dozen settlers, including six children,
were killed. Two of the settlers killed were young women,
sisters who had a premonition of evil tidings the previous
day. One of the sisters died in her father’s arms when he
found her in his burned farm.

1776: The first Spanish arrived at what eventually became
Needles, California.

1873: Congress created the office of Indian Inspector.
The initial three inspectors were appointed by the
president for four-year terms. They inspected the
operations of Indian officers in the field.

1913: By an act of Congress (37 Stat. 675) “all non-mineral, unallotted,
unreserved lands within the Standing Rock
Indian Reservation are opened to settlement and entry,
to be disposed of under the general provisions of the
Homestead laws.”

1931: Congress passed an act (Public Law No. 667, 71st
Congress) that authorized the president to establish the
Canyon de Chelly National Monument in the Navajo Indian
Reservation in northeastern Arizona. Another act (46 Stat.
1106) was also passed. Its purpose was to “enable the
Secretary to accept donations of funds or other property
for the advancement of the Indian race. An annual report
will be made to Congress on donations received and
allocations made from such donations.”

1938: Assistant Secretary of the Interior Oscar Chapman
ratified a constitution and bylaws approved by the
Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of
Oregon in an election held on December 18, 1937.

1969: The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribe of the
Flathead Reservation enacted a resolution prohibiting the
hunting or killing of mountain sheep.

1973: Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Interior W. L.
Rogers authorized the Nooksack Indian Tribe of Washington
an election for a constitution and bylaws.

1989: As of today, the residential population of Acoma
Pueblo communities was as follows: Acomita, 2,342; Anzac,
200 (est.); McCartys, 1,646; Old Acoma (Sky City), 150
(est.); total 4,338.

-------------------

February 15


1831: The U.S. Senate passed a resolution asking
President Jackson if he was going to live up to the
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act passed on March 30,
1802. If he was not going to live up to this law, they
wanted to know why. He responded a week later.

1866: Elements of the Second Cavalry engaged Indians near
Guano Valley, Nevada. One soldier was killed, and seven
were wounded. Ninety-six Indians were killed, fifteen
were wounded, and nineteen were captured, according to
army records.

1867: According to army records, members of the Eighth
Cavalry fought with a band of Indians near Black Slate
Mountains, Nevada. Five Indians were reported killed.

1870: The second intercontinental railroad started. It
also went through Indian lands.

1901: The Reservation Land Definition Act was passed.

1907: The confines of the Robinson Rancheria in
California were established.

1936: The Omaha Tribe of Nebraska voted on a constitution.
By a vote of 311-27, they approved it.

-------------------

February 16

1863: An act (12 Stat. l652) stated that all treaties
between the United States and the “Sisseton, Wahpaton,
Medawakanton, and Wahpakoota Bands of Sioux of Dakota
are aborgated and annulled” as far as occupancy or
obligations in Minnesota were concerned. This act took
away their lands in Minnesota because of the Santee
Sioux Uprising.

1866: Elements of the Fourteenth Infantry fought some
Indians near Jordan Creek, Oregon. One soldier was
wounded; one Indian was killed according to army records.

1867: According to army records, members of the First
Cavalry and Ninth Infantry fought with a band of Indians
near Surprise Valley, California. Five Indians were
reported killed, and two were captured.

1867: According to army records, members of the First
Cavalry fought with a band of Indians near Warm Springs,
Idaho. Two Indians were reported killed, and five were
captured.

1878: According to Army files, Victorio Rios and Sevoriano
Elivano were killed by Indians near Point of Rocks,
Limpia Canyon, Texas.

1911: President Taft issued several executive orders
that allowed the sale, use, or manufacture of alcoholic
beverages in former Indian Reservations that had been
ceded to the United States. The tribes that had ceded
the land were the Chippewa of Lake Superior, Pillager,
Red Lake, Pembina; and the Lake Traverse Sioux. President
Taft also issued Executive Order No. 1299 that stated
that Pillager Chippewa lands in Minnesota ceded to the
United States by the Treaty of August 21, 1847, would
no longer be held in trust as Indian lands.

1922: President Warren Harding issued an executive order
that would “withdraw from settlement, entry, sale or other disposition”
approximately 386.85 acres of Zia Pueblo
Indian lands in New Mexico until March 5, 1924. This
order replaced Executive Order No. 3351, issued on
November 6, 1920.

-------------------

February 17


1690: While traveling through the area, French explorer
Henri de Tonti visited the Natchitoches Confederation
(near modern Natchitoches, Louisiana).

1792: An addenda was made to the Holston River Treaty.
Payment for ceded land went from $1,000 to $1,500 annually.
The new treaty was signed in Philadelphia by six Cherokees,
including Bloody Fellow. As a part of the ceremony.
President Washington gave Bloody Fellow the new name
of Iskagua (Clear Sky).

1792: Chickamauga Chief Glass attacked settler John
Collingsworth and his family near Nashville, Tennessee.
He killed them all except for an eight-year-old girl.
When he returned to Lookout Town, Glass performed a
scalp dance as a part of his celebration. Dragging
Canoe’s enthusiastic participation in this dance led
to his death on March 1, 1792.

1793: In Pensacola Florida, Creek Chief Alexander
McGillivray died.

1829: Thomas McKenney, head of the Bureau of Indian
Affairs, sent orders to Little Rock, Arkansas, Indian
agent Major Edward DuVal. DuVal was instructed to
prohibit white people from entering or settling on
Indian lands without the Indians’ approval.

1861: The Choctaw Council authorized their principal
chief to appoint delegates to any future intertribal
meeting to decide relations with the United States. If
the United States ever split into two countries, the
Choctaw delegates were authorized to open relations
with the Confederacy. The chief was also instructed to
let the southern governors know the Choctaw were
inclined to support their cause.

1871: President Grant, by executive order, rescinded
the initial boundaries of the Mission Indian Reservations,
primarily in San Diego County, California. They were
reestablished by other acts on December 27, 1875, and
May 15, 1876.

1871: Indians attacked settlements near Fort Bayard in
southwestern New Mexico, killing settlers, burning ranches,
and seizing livestock. Cavalry troops pursued the Indians
into the mountains. The soldiers burned villages and
property. One soldier and fourteen Indians were reported
killed. Two soldiers and twenty Indians were wounded,
according to army reports.

1909: Geronimo (Goyathlay) died at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

1912: Executive Order Nos. 1482 and 1483 modified the
status of certain Indian lands in New Mexico.

1969: The acting assistant commissioner of Indian
affairs authorized an election to amend the constitution
and bylaws of the Kalispel Indian Community of the Kalispel Reservation.
The election would be held on June 18, 1969.

-------------------

February 18

1837: General Ellis Wool had been assigned the task of
preventing the Cherokees from revolting after the passage
of the New Echota Treaty on December 29, 1835. General
Wool tried to get the Cherokees to acquiesce to the treaty,
but to no avail. He reported opposition to the treaty was
so prevalent that starving Cherokees would not take help
from the government for fear that it might imply their
consent to the treaty.

1861: The Arapaho and Cheyenne signed a treaty (12 Stat.
1163) at Fort Wise in southeastern Colorado. The United
States was represented by Albert Boone and F. B. Culver.
It established a reservation bounded by Sand Creek and
the Arkansas River. The Indians thought it allowed them
the right to hunt freely outside of the reservation, but
the treaty contained no such clause. Only six of the
forty-four Cheyenne chiefs were present to sign, Black
Kettle being one. Other than the Indians who signed on
this date, no others ever signed it. The validity of the
treaty was contested for a long time. The fort was
renamed Fort Lyon.

1865: The second Julesburg, Colorado, skirmish takes place.

1867: The Sac and Fox signed a treaty (15 Stat.495). They
sell much of what remains of their reservation.

1876: Twenty-Fifth Infantry soldiers fought some Indians
in the Carrizo Mountains in Texas. According to army
documents, no casualties were recorded.

-------------------

February 19

1725: Documents regarding the Delaware Walking Purchase
Treaty were discovered.

1778: Virginia Governor Patrick Henry was upset by the
actions of several white “frontiersmen” against the
Indians. They had killed Shawnee Chief Cornstalk and four
other Shawnees who had lived in peace with their neighbors.
Today Governor Henry wrote a letter to Colonel William
Fleming suggesting that perhaps the murderers were British
agents trying to instigate a fight with the Indians to
divert troops away from the Revolutionary War.

1799: Congress passed “An Act Appropriating a Certain Sum
of Money to Defray the Expense of Holding a Treaty or
Treaties with the Indians.”

1808: Congress passed “An Act Making Appropriations for
Carrying into Effect Certain Indian Treaties.”

1819: Congress passed an appropriation of $10,000 a year
to be used for the education of some Indian tribes.

1867: The negotiations on a treaty (15 Stat. 505) were
concluded. Article 3 set aside land in the North and South
Dakota Lake Traverse Reservation. Eventually, the Sisseton
Wahpeton Sioux Tribe occupied the land.

1877: Scout Colonel Nelson Miles, sent out on February
1, 1877, returned with nineteen chiefs and leading warriors.
They wished to discuss specifics of Miles’s terms of
surrender. The term were the same—unconditional surrender—
and return to designated agencies. The Indians left to
council with their people.

1889: The Quileute Reserve was established by executive
order.

1889: Gabriel Dumont was a Metis chief and actively
participated in Riel’s Rebellion. He received a government
pardon for those actions.

1915: Lands that were set aside for the Arizona militia
by executive order on July 23, 1914, were returned to
Navajo tribal ownership.

1937: The Pawnee Indian Tribe of Oklahoma compiled an
official census.

1968: Robert Kennedy was serving as chairman of the
Senate subcommittee on Indian education. At a hearing
in Twin Oaks, Oklahoma, Kennedy stated the opinion that
cultural differences were a national resource, not a burden.

1976: An amendment to the constitution of the Tuolumne
Band of Me-Wok Indians of the Tuolumne Rancheria was
approved by a vote of 25 to 1.

1991: The Salamanca, New York lease expires.

-------------------

February 20

1755: General Edward Braddock reached Virginia (French
and Indian War).

1832: Northeastern District Choctaw Chief Peter Pitchlynn
and his followers arrived in Fort Smith in western
Arkansas. Floods, cold weather, low rivers, and mud had
delayed their trip considerably.

1863: Cherokee Chief John Ross had been arrested by Union
forces and taken to Washington, D.C. In the interim, Stand
Watie had been elected tribal chief at the First
Confederate Cherokee Conference. At Cow Skin Prairie,
Cherokees loyal to John Ross revoked the treaty with the
South and pledged loyalty to the Union. They removed
Confederates from office, emancipated slaves, and
confirmed John Ross as principal chief.

1873: Indians fought with soldiers from the First Cavalry
near Fossil Creek, Arizona, according to army documents.
Five Indians were killed, and four were captured.

1874: Indians fought with soldiers from the Fifth Cavalry
around the Bill Williams Mountains in Arizona. According
to army documents, three Indians were killed during this
engagement, which lasted until April 21.

1893: A congressional act modified the White Mountain–
San Carlos–Camp Apache Reserve in western Arizona
Territory. It was amended further on June 10, 1896. At
its largest, it comprised 2,866 square miles and was
occupied by Arivaipa, Chillion, Chiricahua, Coyotero,
Membreno, Mogollon, Mohave, Pinal, San Carlos, Tonto,
and Yuma Apache Tribes.

1904: The executive order issued on January 25, 1904,
returning a tract of land set aside for the Pine Ridge
School Reservation to the public domain was modified.

1949: The Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin’s Tribal
Council delegated to an executive committee the powers
exercised by the general council in article 4 if their
constitution.

1973: The deputy assistant secretary of the interior
authorized an election to amend the revised constitution
and bylaws for the Sisseton Wahpeton Sioux Tribe of
South Dakota. The election would take place on March
16 and 17, 1973.

-------------------

February 21

1756: According to some reports, an agreement covering
alliances and fort construction was reached by
representatives of the British in Virginia and the Catawba.

1803: President Thomas Jefferson submitted a treaty
between the United States and the Tuscarora of North
Carolina to the U.S. Senate. The treaty was signed in
Raleigh, North Carolina, on December 4, 1802.



1828: Elias Boudinot (Buck Watie), as editor, established
the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper in New Echota.

1861: The rich members of the Navajo tribe (the so-called
Rico leaders) met with Colonel Edward Canby at the new
Fort Fauntleroy in western New Mexico. The meeting
included such leaders as Manuelito, Delgadito, Armijo,
Barboncito, and Herrero Grande. During the meeting, the
Navajos choose Herrero Grande as the head chief of the
Navajo. The parley led to a “treaty” whereby the Navajos
promised to live in peace with their non-Indian neighbors.
The fort later was renamed Fort Lyon, then Fort Wingate.

1861: Camp Cooper was officially decommissioned and
abandoned. It was located on the Clear Fork of the Brazos
River, not far from Fort Griffin in modern Throckmorton
County, Texas. The camp was established to keep watch
over a nearby Comanche Reservation.

1864: After the battles in the Canyon de Chelly, Herrero
Grande and 300 of his followers turn themselves in to
army authorities. They eventually participate in the
Long Walk to the Bosque Redondo Reservation in New
Mexico.

1876: Forty-six people were trapped in the trading
post at Fort Pease in central Montana by hostile Indians.
On this date, Major James Brisbin, and 221 officers,
soldiers, and volunteers left Fort Ellis, Montana, to
rescue the party (see March 4, 1876).

1911: Comanche Chief Quanah Parker died. He was eventually
buried at Fort Sill in south-central Oklahoma. His
headstone reads, “resting here until day breaks and
darkness disappears is Quanah Parker, the last Chief
of the Comanches. Died Feb.21,1911, age sixty-four
years.” (Also recorded as February 23.)

1931: The Papago Reservation in Sells, Arizona, was
modified.

1935: The Inuit of the Mackensie Delta had decided
to raise reindeer as an economic enterprise. A herd
of 2,300 reindeer, herded by Lapps and Eskimos, arrived
at the Mackensie Delta. The effort proved to be very
successful.

1940: An election was held on two proposed amendments
to the constitution and bylaws of the Confederated
Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon. The
constitution was approved in an election held on December
18, 1937. Amendment 1 was passed 93-68. Amendment 2 was
passed 149-15.

1956: Land ownership on Tulalip Reservation in Washington
was questioned.

1978: The area director of the Sacramento office of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs authorized an election for an
amendment to the constitution of the Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute
Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation in California. The
election would be held on May 27, 1978, according to a
government document.

-------------------

February 22



1637: Lieutenant Lion Gardiner was commander of some
of the forces at Fort Saybrook, Connecticut. He led some
men out to get rid of the undergrowth that might hide
approaching Indians. They were attacked by Pequot. Two of
the settlers were killed in the fighting.

1676: According to some sources, 300 Indians attacked
Medfield, Massachusetts, near Boston. They killed twenty
settlers and took many more captive. Some settlers said
King Philip was involved.

1740: After leaving Fort Assumption (modern Memphis) with
a force of 180 French troops and 400 Choctaws and Iroquois,
French Captain Pierre Celeron finally arrived at one of
the main fortified Chickasaw villages in the region. After
a brief exchange of gunfire by Celeron’s allies and the
Chickasaw, a conference was arranged. Believing Celeron’s
expedition was only the precursor of a major French
expedition, the Chickasaw agreed to return captives,
destroy the bulwarks of their forts, and come to Fort
Assumption for formal peace talks. Celeron’s forces
remained in the Chickasaw villages until March 15th.

1819: The “Treaty of Amity, Settlement, and Limits Between
the United States of America and His Catholic Majesty”
of Spain was signed. It was regarding Florida.

1831: The state of Georgia had seized Cherokee lands.
Cherokee leaders had complained to many federal government
officials. On February 15, the U.S. Senate officially
asked President Andrew Jackson if he was going to live
up to the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act passed in March
1802. Today, President Jackson responded to the Senate’s
inquiry. Unequivocally, Jackson stated he sided with the
state of Georgia and he would not enforce any law giving
precedence to the Cherokees over Georgia.

1838: Mikanopy, King Philip, Coahadjo, Little Cloud, and
almost 220 other Seminoles board a ship in Charleston,
South Carolina, bound for New Orleans and the Indian
Territory (present-day Oklahoma).

1838: Cherokee Chief John Ross presented to Congress a
petition signed by 15,665 Cherokee (there were
approximately 18,000 Cherokees in all) repudiating the
New Echota treaty. They reminded Congress that when a
similar rigged treaty was ratified in 1825 then–President
Adams had it nullified. The Senate did not act on the
petition.

1855: The Sandy Lake Indian Reservation was created in
Minnesota as a part of a treaty (10 Stat. 1165). This
treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., by the
“Mississippi, Pillager and Lake Winnebigoshish Bands of
Chippewa Indians.”

1856: Many Rogue River War volunteers were at a party
away from camp when Indians attacked the camp. Twenty-
four whites were killed, including a captain and an
Indian agent. This was the beginning of a series of raids
along the river.

1866: Elements of the Fourteenth Infantry fought some
Indians near Jordan Creek, Oregon. One soldier was killed,
another wounded. Eighteen Indians were killed, and two
were wounded, according to Fourteenth Infantry records.

1872: Indians skirmished with a group of settlers near
Cullumber’s Station, Arizona, according to official army
records. Two settlers were killed.

1876: Second Cavalry and Seventh Infantry soldiers fought
some Indians near Fort Pease, Montana. According to army
documents, six civilians were killed and eight were wounded.
The fighting lasted through March 17.

1877: Settlers fought a group of Indians in the Staked
Plains (Llano Estacado) of northern Texas. According to
army documents, one settler was killed.

1944: Jack C. Montgomery, a Cherokee, was a first
lieutenant with the Forty-fifth Infantry in Italy. For
his solo actions against three different enemy positions,
he would be awarded the Medal of Honor.

1981: The Vietnam-era Veterans Intertribal Associations
held formal meetings.

-------------------

February 23


1540: According to some sources, the Coronado expedition
began preparations to get under way.

1832: Chickasaw Chief Levi Colbert told President Jackson
the Chickasaw agreed to the removal to Indian Territory
(present-day Oklahoma). He informed the president they
cannot reach an agreement with the Choctaws on sharing
lands, so the provisional treaty of September 1, 1830,
was void.

1833: According to a government report, by this date it
was estimated approximately 6,000 Choctaws had been
removed to the west. Some 1,000 Choctaws had gone on their
own, without having to be removed by the government.

1836: Cherokees in Texas signed a treaty with the local
settlers. It was eventually repudiated by then–Texas
President Mirabeau B. Lamar.

1839: Almost 900 Cherokees under the leadership of fellow
Cherokee Reverend Jesse Bushyhead arrived in Indian
Territory (present-day Oklahoma). They sustain thirty-
eight deaths while on their forced emigration.

1865: Major General G. M. Dodge, in St. Louis, sent the
following message by telegram to Colonel Ford at Fort
Riley: “The military have no authority to treat with Indians.
Our duty is to make them keep the peace by punishing them
for their hostility. Keep posted as to their location, so
that as soon as ready we can strike them. 400 horses
arrived here for you.”

1867: The Quapaw gave up their lands in Kansas and a
large part of their lands in northern Indian Territory
(present-day Oklahoma).

1867: According to army records, members of the First
Cavalry fought with a band of Indians near Meadow Valley,
Arizona. One soldier was reported wounded.

1867: According to a treaty (15 Stat. 513), all members of
the Miami tribe could become citizens of Kansas if they
wished to did so. Those who did not wish to do this had to
move to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).

1875: Indians fought with soldiers from the Fifth Cavalry
and some Indian scouts near Camp Apache, Arizona.
According to army documents, fifteen Indians were killed,
and 122 were captured. This engagement started on
January 2.

1875: Lieutenant Colonel J. W. Davidson’s troops of the
Tenth Cavalry captured sixty-five Kiowa men, and 175
women and children, on the Salt Fork of the Red River in
Texas. Also taken were 300 horses and mules. Among the
captured were Lone Wolf, Red Otter, and Lean Bull,
according to army reports.

1877: Lieutenant J. F. Cummings and Troop C, Third
Cavalry, attacked a group of hostileIndians near Deadwood,
Dakota Territory. One Indian was killed; 624 head of
live stock were recovered.

1878: Army reports say R. W. Barry and Juan Dial were
killed by Indians twenty-three miles from Fort Duncan,
near Eagle Pass, Texas, on the Laredo Road.

1889: Congress approved an agreement signed by Lemhi
Chief Tendoy and several others to move from the Lemhi
Reservation in Idaho to Fort Hall. The agreement was
signed on May 14, 1880. The Lemhi would not actually
move until 1909.

1939: Land acquired on June 16, 1933, under the National
Industrial Recovery Act was transferred from the
jurisdiction of the secretary of the agriculture to the
secretary of the interior, by executive order, as a part
of the Milk River Land Utilization Project on the Fort
Peck Indian Reservation in Montana.

1945: Ira Hayes participated in the flag-raising on
Iwo Jima.

1962: Assistant Secretary of the Interior John A. Carver
Jr. ratified an election that approved an amendment to
the constitution and bylaws for the Pyramid Lake Paiute
Tribe of Nevada. The election was held on December 26, 1961.

1970: The Pueblo of Isleta approved a new constitution
by a vote of 347-29. It would go into affect on April 10, 1970.

-------------------

February 24


1730: With both sides running out of ammunition, the French
and the Natchez Indians agreed on a peace settlement. The
Natchez release all of their prisoners, and the French
withdraw to the Mississippi River. The French were anxious
to make the agreement because their Choctaw allies
expressed a desire to quit the fight. The prisoners were
released to the Choctaw, who demanded a ransom for their
services. The Natchez eventually escaped into the
woodlands.

1831: The Choctaw Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty (11 Stat.
537) was ratified by the U.S. Senate. The Choctaw left
Mississippi for Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).
While many Choctaw were opposed to the treaty, they
lacked organization. It was publicly proclaimed on
May 26, 1831.

1848: As a part of the war against the Cayuse who
attacked the Whitman Mission in Oregon Country, a fight
takes place. The Cayuse lost eight men, including Chief
Gray Eagle, and had five warriors wounded. Lieutenant
Colonel Waters and four other soldiers were wounded.

1897: Api-kai-ees (Deerfoot) was a Siksika (Blackfeet)
man known for his ability as a long-distance runner. He
was well known in the Calgary area, where a local freeway
today bears his name. He died on this day.

1954: Starting the day before, and continuing today, an
election was held to approve an amended constitution and
bylaws for the San Carlos Apache Tribe. It would be
approved by a vote of 405-402.

1976: William Finale, area director of the Sacramento
area office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, approved an
election for amendments to the constitution of the Tuolumne
Band of Me-Wok Indians of the Tuolumne Rancheria. They
were enacted.

-------------------

February 25

1643: For the last two years there had been several
incidents sparked by both Indians and settlers that have
led to bloodshed in the area around modern New York City.
The only Indians in the area were some peaceful Indians
seeking refuge from the Mohawks. Through the next day,
New Amsterdam citizens, with the approval of Dutch Director
Kieft and led by Maryn Adriaensen, attacked a peaceful
Wecquaesgeek village at Corlaer’s Hook near the Pavonia
settlements (near modern Jersey City). The Dutch soldiers
killed not only the warriors but all of the eighty Indians
in the camp, including women and children. This fight
became known as the Pavonia Massacre, and it incited
numerous reprisals. Adriaensen was exiled to Holland for
three years as punishment for leading the attack once the
population learned of the fight. He would return, and
receive a land grant from Director Kieft, three years
later. Some accounts say only thirty Indians were killed.
1689: According to some sources, an agreement of alliance
and allegiance was reached between representatives of the
Five Nations and the British in New York.

1779: Indians left Vincennes.

1799: Congress passed “An Act Making Appropriations for
Defraying the Expenses Which May Arise in Carrying into
Effect Certain Treaties Between the United States and
Several Tribes or Nations of Indians.”

1825: Under a Treaty signed today, the United States had
“specific trust responsibilities to protect the property,
persons and lives of the Oglala Sioux people. The United
States agree to receive the Ogallalla Band of Sioux into
their friendship, and under their protection.”

1839: Captain Jacob Burleson and fifty-three other Texas
Rangers fought a group of Comanche near Brushy Creek
(near modern Taylor, Texas). The Indians gained the upper
hand. Later the next day, other Rangers arrived and
pursued the fleeing Indians. Burleson was killed in the
fighting.

1858: A group of Bannock and a few Shoshone stole some
cattle from the local Mormon settlers near Fort Limhi,
Idaho. This led to a brief battle with a couple of
settlers being killed. The fort would be abandoned on
March 27, 1858.

1871: Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie took over command of
the Fourth Cavalry at Fort Concho (modern San Angelo, Texas).

1875: After the battle of Palo Duro Canyon, Lone Wolf and
his followers head across the plains. But after a
relentless search by the army, on this date Lone Wolf
and 252 Kiowa finally surrendered at Fort Sill in south-
central Oklahoma. Lone Wolf eventually was sent as a
prisoner of war to Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida.

1874: Regulations regarding the Skokomish Reserve were
written.

1956: An election to approve an amendment to the
constitution and bylaws of the Tule River Indian Tribe
was held. The vote was 36-11 in favor of Amendment 3.

1983: The state of Virginia officially recognized the
Chickahominy, Eastern Chickahominy, Mattaponi, and
Upper Mattaponi, Monacan, Nansemond, Pamunkey, and
United Rappahanock Tribes.

1987: The legality of Indian bingo was upheld by
courts in California.

1998: The Oglala Sioux Tribal Council declared the
twenty-fifth anniversary of the Wounded Knee occupation
a tribal holiday. It designated the occupation a historic
and cultural event that brought attention to Indian issues.

1998: The U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the Native
Village of Venetie tribal governments, stating there
was no Indian country in Alaska, save one reservation.
This ruling was part of an effort of this tribe to tax
a company in their “territory.”

-------------------

February 26


1757: Built by Pennsylvania troops at Shamokin on the
Susquehanna River at the juncture of several Indian
trails, Fort Augusta was surrounded and briefly held
under siege by Indians. The Indians left after a few
days but return in a few months.

1860: The Wiyot lived on the upper California coast
between the Little River and the Bear River. An annual
ceremony lasting over a week was held in the village of
Tutulwat on an island in the river in what is now Eureka,
California. By Wiyot tradition, everyone was welcome at
the ceremony, including whites. Tonight, after the
ceremonies were finished, a group of men from Eureka
sneaked into the village and attacked the participants.
Several other nearby villages were also attacked. An
estimated eighty to 100 Indians were killed in the sneak
attack. An annual vigil is now held on a nearby island to
commemorate the event.

1871: Indians attacked a hunter’s camp, stole the stock,
and burned the camp near Grinnell, Kansas.

1872: Indians skirmished with a group of settlers near
Camp Bowie, Arizona, according to official army records.
One settler was killed, and one was wounded.

1873: Indians fought with soldiers from the Eighth Cavalry
near Angostura, New Mexico, according to army documents.
Five Indians were killed, and seven were wounded.

1881: According to Army records, 325 Sioux, believed to
be primarily from Sitting Bull’s camp, surrendered to
Major David Brotherton, Seventh Infantry, at Fort Buford,
near the North Dakota–Montana line. Some 150 horses and
forty guns were turned in by the Indians.

1937: The secretary of the interior approved a constitution
for the Kickapoo Tribe.

1937: The constitution of the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and
Nebraska was approved.

-------------------

February 27


1699: Fearing an English takeover of the Mississippi
Valley, Frenchman Pierre le Moyne, Sieur d’Iberville,
was granted permission to establish a series of forts
along the lower Mississippi River. He begins his voyage
up the Mississippi. (Also recorded as happening on March 3.)

1754: In a letter to Pennsylvania Governor James Hamilton,
the Pennsylvania assembly assails the European traders
cheating the local Indians. The traders were equated
with the worst of European criminals.

1760: Tonight there was a skirmish at Fort Dobbs
(modern Salisbury, North Carolina). A war party of
Cherokees attacked the fort. Troops led by Captain
Hugh Waddell beat back the attack, killing almost a
dozen warriors. Waddell posted no losses to his force.

1798: Congress passed “An Act Appropriating a Certain
Sum of Money to Defray the Expense of Holding a Treaty
or Treaties with the Indians.”

1803: President Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter to William
Henry Harrison. He expressed his belief that promoting
trading houses among the Indians led to the Indians
incurring greater debts. He felt these debts could lead
to the United States acquiring more lands to pay off
the debts.

1819: The Cherokee signed a treaty (7 Stat.195). The
United States was represented by Secretary of War John
C. Calhoun.

1836: General Edmund Gaines had marched from Tampa Bay
to Fort King in central Florida to put down the Seminole
Uprising. When he arrived in Fort King, he did not find
enough supplies to feed his troops or mounts. Gaines
ordered his 1,100 troops to return to Tampa Bay. While
attempting to cross the Withlacoochee River, Gaines was
attacked by a Seminole force of 1,500 warriors. Gaines
built a stockade and sent for reinforcements during the
battle. After ten days of fighting, both sides agreed
to a truce, with formal peace talks to come later.

1839: Reverend Stephen Foreman and 911 fellow Cherokees
arrived in the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).
They lost fifty-seven of their group to deaths along the
trail. There were nineteen births during the trip.

1866: President Andrew Johnson issued an executive order
that set aside additional lands for the Santee Sioux
in Nebraska.

1867: An act (15 Stat. 531) was passed regarding the
reservation occupied by the Prairie Band of Potawatomi
Indians. It covered 29.75 square miles of territory in
Kansas.

1867: According to army records, members of a hunting
party from near Fort Reno, Dakota Territory, fought with
some Indians. Three soldiers were reported as wounded.

1869: According to army records, members of the Fourteenth
Infantry fought with a band of Indians near Camp Grant.
Two civilians were killed, and one soldier was wounded.

1885: “That tract of country in the Territory of Dakota,
known as the Old Winnebago Reservation and the Sioux on
Crow Creek Reservation, and lying on the east bank of the
Missouri River” was modified by law.

1925: Laws were enacted affecting Phoenix Indian School
land in Arizona.

1958: Randall Dam and Reservoir Project required
condemnation actions in South Dakota.

1973: The siege of Wounded Knee began. It lasted until
May 8, 1973.

1973: An election to approve a constitution and bylaws
for the Cortina Band of Indians on the Cortina Indian
Rancheria in Colusa County, California, was authorized
by the deputy assistant secretary of the interior. The
election occurred on July 18, 1973.

1979: The area director of the Sacramento office of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs, William Finale, approved an
amendment for the constitution for the Utu Utu Gwaitu
Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation in California.

-------------------

February 28

1675: The Mission Santa Cruz de Sabacola El Menor was
dedicated. The mission was for the Sawoklis Indians on
the Apalachicola River.

1681: The charter for the Province of Pennsylvania was
issued.

1683: According to some sources, a land cession agreement
was reached between representatives of the Wimbee Indians
and South Carolina colonies.

1704: Today and through the next day, in what was the
first American battle in Queen Anne’s War at Deerfield
in central Massachusetts, was attacked by Indians and
French under Major Hertel de Rouville. Of the almost 300
inhabitants, about fifty were killed, and as many as 180
were taken prisoner.

1780: The village of Nashborough (Nashville) was started.

1809: Congress passes “An Act for the Relief of Certain
Alibama and Wyandot Indians.”

1837: A few Creek Indians attacked the Alberson homestead
on the Alabama-Florida border. The Creeks were reported
to have killed the entire family.

1859: By government act, 558 square miles were set aside
for the establishment of the Gila River Reserve in the
Pima Agency south of Phoenix, Arizona. It was occupied
by the Maricopa and Pima Tribes.

1873: After the first battle in the northern California
lava beds, Captain Jack’s cousin, Winema, and some friendly
local whites came to visit him. Winema had married a
white settler. In a council on this night, the white men
told Captain Jack that peace commissioners wanted to met
with them. When asked, they also said that Hooker Jim was
not be tried for his killing raid in Oregon but was to be
sent to a reservation in Oklahoma instead. Captain Jack
agreed to met with the commissioners and to hear what they
had to say.

1877: The Standing Rock Sioux Reservation had been created
by the Treaty of April 29, 1868, and an act of Congress
(19 Stat. 254) in Dakota Territory. It covered 4,176 square
miles and was occupied by “Blackfeet, Hunkpapa, Lower and
Upper Tanktonai Sioux.” Article 8 of the act provided that
each individual Oglala Sioux person “shall be protected
in his rights of property, person and life.”

1929: The Northwestern Shoshone Jurisdictional Act was
modified.

1941: According to Federal Register Nos. 6FR01229 and
6FR01230, Executive Order Nos. 8696 and 8670 were issued.
They transferred the jurisdiction of certain Pueblo
Indian lands in New Mexico from the secretary of the
agriculture to the secretary of the interior.

-------------------

February 29


1704: The battle started the day before at Deerfield,
Massachusetts, continued.

1836: General Edmund Gaines and 1,100 soldiers had been
engaged in a battle with a force of 1,500 Seminoles
under Chief Osceola since February 27. The Americans
built a stockade on February 27. The Seminoles mounted a
major attack on the stockade. Many men were wounded on
both sides during the attack. The fighting continued
until March 6, 1836.

1936: An election was held to approve a constitution and
bylaws for the Santee Sioux Tribe of the Sioux Nation of
the state of Nebraska. The vote was 284-60 in favor.




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That's it for now.

Have a great month.

Phil Konstantin
http://americanindian.net


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End of Phil Konstantin's February 2008 Newsletter - Part 1
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